Victoria Paris Tracey Adams Prno

participating public

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Curriculum Planning

• curricular planning is understood as the design and development of the curriculum school as a whole.
• In our case, we have a curriculum and we put it into action, that is, we plan instruction

Arredondo said that Curriculum Planning is a dynamic, continuous, participatory and technical, which distinguishes 4 phases: pre a.Análisis

b.Especifica educational goals and objectives, translated into an educational proposal.

c.La curriculum implementation.

d.Evaluación curricular application. Similarly

Diaz Barriga argues that curriculum planning is a response not only educational issues but also addresses the economic, social and political.

In curriculum planning should take into account an instructional design that respond to all curricular issues:

• What to teach (objectives and contents). • When teaching
(ordered sequence of activities and content).
• Teaching (teaching strategies translated into activities, organization of space and time, materials and resources).
• Evaluation (criteria and assessment instruments), all within a clearly defined time.

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Planning from different points of view

Many times we do things without any control, without order and this prevents us from reaching the goals that we set or solve certain problems. Do you think this is right? Do not you think these situations are hopeless?. Thanks to the planning process and may face difficulties finding solutions.

However, before providing some steps on how to plan, we need to know for sure what the term means, according to different concepts and authors.

What is Planning?

At this point we have several concepts or definitions of planning.

Some authors, such as Molins (1998), which considers planning as "... the science of collective and effective practice ...". This author also claims that planning is science because planning has become a knowledge system features autonomous science and despite being an autonomous science is linked to many other sciences and in particular the practice of social sciences. The element that links planning with other sciences is the praxis, that is the research of planning, ie, the object of his work and his reflection. " Here is a link between social science and praxis.

On the other hand, Ackoff (1994) says the plan "is to project a desired future and effective means to achieve it, that is, an instrument that uses a wise man, more so when you handle people who are not, often becomes a ritual incongruous that brings peace to the conscience, but not the future they seek. " This is a conception of planning something spiritual.

The same Ackoff (2000), after a while, consider planning as "... an activity within which development takes place and not simply an activity whose results may contribute to this." Furthermore, it is "... a participatory manner to solve a set of problems interrelated, it is believed that undertakes the appropriate action, can produce the desired results. "

Planning is seen as a process that helps the search results and troubleshooting. To reinforce this, Ackoff (2000), notes that there are four temporary planning guidelines based on how the planner covers situations:

1. Guidance Reactivity:
· A reagents do not satisfy the way things are, or how they occur, they tend to enter the future facing the past, so they have a clearer picture of where you came from place to which are intended, they prefer dealing with people and values \u200b\u200brather than facts and efficiency. Its assessments and judgments are rooted in morality, not science. They feel more relaxed thinking qualitative than quantitative.

· Organisations reactivity are planned from the bottom up.
• The planning problems treated test separately, not systematically, so that it overlooks the essential properties of the whole and many of the important properties of the individual parts.

2. Guidance INACTIVE:
· The inactivated are satisfied with things as they are.
· Its objectives are survival and stability. Inactivated
· Organisations tend to become autocratic and media institutions for democratic purposes. These organizations perform well only when surrounding circumstances are favorable.

3. Proactive Orientation:
· The proactive believe the future will be better than the present and the past, therefore, seek to accelerate change, to exploit the opportunities it brings.
· The proactive believe in technological development, believing that the future will be very different from the past, therefore attach little importance to the experience. Just trust in the experiment.
· Enterprises Interactive is intended principally to growth.
• The proactive planning is to predict the future and prepare for it. The preparation is to take steps to minimize or avoid future threats and exploit future opportunities. This type of planning is top down.

4. Guidance Interactives:
· The interactivist consider the past, present and future as different aspects, but inseparable from the problem to which it is planned, are concentrated in all directions at once. This belief is that if you do not take into account the three temporal aspects a problem, the development will be blocked.
· The interactivist think the future is subject to the creation, so consider planning as "... the design of a desirable future for the invention of methods to reach it."
· The interactivist rely more experimentation that experience to find solutions to the problems of any kind, however, also rely on experience rather than in the experiment, to reveal problems requiring resolution.
• The objective is to maximize their ability to learn and adapt: \u200b\u200bdevelop. Pas also

(1998) provided its own concept, saying that "planning can be a broader regulatory process that the resolution of problems. It is oriented toward the future and may include the creation and selection of problems, and the anticipation of a sequence of actions to solve them. Instead of being hierarchical and linear process, planning is usually nonlinear nature and scope, and the formation and implementation of a plan can be given simultaneously. Planning is a self-organized and thoughtful process that the person knows at least one memento of their development and that requires motivation and metacognitive skills. It is an activity in a scheme that integrates several components and different performance levels and is a uniquely human function closely related to speech and language. "

According to this conception of planning, it can not be seen as a mere mechanical process, worthy of the machines, but as a human process. According

Argenti (1970) there is a special type of planning and this is the business planning which "is to determine the long-term goals of an enterprise as a whole and then create plans designed to achieve these goals, taking into account the likely changes in the external environment. "

Here we see a type of adaptive planning the environment where they develop, according to the establishment of internal goals and objectives.

For Corridor (2001) 'is a comprehensive process that proposes a new attitude towards the possible future through the application of standards that include organizational reason, the relationship of antagonistic agents, the quality of the process and prospects for change. " "Planning is a concept that incorporates two factors inherent in the exploration and construction of the future: the direction and control."

Some authors stress the importance of long-term planning, one of whom is Morrissey (1996), who notes that "long-term planning includes the application of intuition and analysis to determine the future positions that the organization or company has achieved. Also be seen as a dynamic process flexible enough to allow and even force changes in plans to respond to changing circumstances. "

Other authors, for example Giordanni (1996), who believe that planning is a "social process involving elements derived from two different sides, a historical-type specific and a formal abstract in actually act together in wanting to recognize the planning well-determined situation. "

planning is also seen as "... a method for making decisions about the transformation of a situation in a more desirable future, distributing scarce resources among multiple objectives, so that, as far as possible, minimizing costs, maximizing the benefits and achieve dynamic balance between different social groups involved. "

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